Orders

Reflex and Non reflex Laboratory Orders Clarification

“Laboratory Order Provider-authored request for the performance of a laboratory test,” is the name and definition of this element. Strongly recommend indicating the scope to include reflexive test laboratory orders, which include “parent” orders in the EHR that indicate where reflexive testing may occur as specified by CMS.  For example, a “UA IF” is a Urinalysis which may or may not reflex to a Urine Culture depending on the result values from the Urinalysis.  The Urine Culture Lab Order is the same Urine Culture Lab Order which may be ordered separately by the ordering provider and mapped to the same LOINC code.  Including both reflex and non-reflex lab orders will clarify to implementers both are in scope to help avoid fragmented standards adoption. 

1. Currently, there are some who do not view reflexive orders as the same/in scope as non-reflexive orders.  Some interpret a lab test order as only the former and not the latter.  Thus, they also indicate FHIR Service Request would only by used for the top level “parent” order placed by the provider in the medical-legal requisition and not for any reflex "child" orders like the Urine Culture reflexed with the UA IF.  Again, the same lab order term and LOINC would be used for both Urine Cultures.  They should also both be represented in FHIR with the same FHIR Resource of Service Request, especially given the importance of Cultures (and many other reflex tests) for Public Health Reporting and desired by State Public Health Agencies and CDC.
2. The second type of reflex Lab Order is that expected if criteria are met but may not have a second non reflex order.  The Urine Culture, Blood Culture, or Wound Culture would not reflex to any child orders if no organism is grown from the collected specimen.  However, if one or more organisms are grown and isolated, reflex testing may be added by the performing laboratory for organism identification, and susceptibility testing.  The Susceptibility Panel order (contains the combination of antibiotic results, depending on which Susceptibility Panel order is reflexed, such as a Gram-Positive Organism Susceptibility Panel or a Gram Negative Susceptibility Panel.  Public Health wants these lab order panels but is not receiving them as part of Electronic Laboratory Reporting (ELR) to public health, electronic Case Reporting (eCR), and other public health reporting.  Including them as part of USCDI Lab Orders will help fill this gap. 
3. LOINC codes are used as trigger codes for eCR and utilized by ELR for routing reportable conditions to their appropriate section.  Having LOINC codes as part of laboratory test orders will aid this process.  I have heard some state agencies are also requiring LOINC codes on their reportable laboratory test orders for ELR so thank you for including this as part of USCDI as well. 
4. Reflex orders are in widespread use across laboratory areas from pathology testing (especially for cancer where special stains, and PCR markers), blood bank (where identification of antibodies may warrant reflex tests), microbiology (for organism identification, PCR tests, and susceptibility panels) to screening tests that may reflex to confirmatory such as Drug screens. Some reflex testing can be five levels deep.  Lupus Anticoagulant testing is one laboratory reflex order that is fairly complex.  See Lupus Anticoagulant Reflex Panel | Test Fact Sheet, especially the diagram showing the levels of reflex orders.

Laboratory Order - CSTE Comment

SHIELD USCDI V7 Draft Laboratory Order element comment

SHIELD suggests ASTP/ONC clarify the scope of this data element as the current definition is not clear enough:

Given that ASTP/ONC associates LOINC as the required vocabulary for Laboratory Orders, most likely the data element targeted here is “Ordered Test” which should cover both the code (drawn from LOINC and available as USCDI+ Public Health Lab Use Case Laboratory Test/Panel Code as well as the display name for that test in the Laboratory Compendium (CLIA requirement) compared to the CLIA defintion of what the test request needs to include (42 CFR 493.1241 -- Standard: Test request. ).

SHIELD supports the use of LOINC when an appropriate code is available for Laboratory Orders whenever they are being communicated externally and should cover all orders; the initial order, individual occurrences of a multi-occurrence order, individual tests from a larger panel ordered to a reference laboratory, reflex, etc.

In general the Laboratory Order as currently defined requires more data elements to provide the needed information to the laboratory to properly perform their testing; from a regulatory perspective these are called out in CLIA 42 CFR 493.1241 -- Standard: Test request.:

1. The laboratory must ensure the test requisition solicits the following information:

   (1) The name and address or other suitable identifiers of the authorized person requesting the test and, if appropriate, the individual responsible for using the test results, or the name and address of the laboratory submitting the specimen, including, as applicable, a contact person to enable the reporting of imminently life threatening laboratory results or panic or alert values. = USCDI elements:  Care Team Member Name, Care Team Member Location, Care Team Member Telecom

   (2) The patient's name or unique patient identifier. = USDCI elements: Patient First Name, Patient Last Name, Patient Middle Name (Initial), Patient Suffix, Patient Identifier  

   (3) The sex and age or date of birth of the patient. = USCDI elements: Patient Sex, Patient Date of Birth

   (4) The test(s) to be performed. = USCDI element - this one

   (5) The source of the specimen, when appropriate. = USCDI element: Specimen Type and Specimen Source Site

   (6) The date and, if appropriate, time of specimen collection. = USCDI element: Perfomance Time

   (7) For Pap smears, the patient's last menstrual period, and indication of whether the patient had a previous abnormal report, treatment, or biopsy. = no explict USCDI elements 

   (8) Any additional information relevant and necessary for a specific test to ensure accurate and timely testing and reporting of results, including interpretation, if applicable. = no explict USCDI elements 

Rename Data Element

APHL recommends that ONC rename this data element to Ordered Laboratory Test” and clarify in the definition that it should be used to identify the test to be performed, which includes a name and local code of the performing laboratory. Suggested language for the updated definition is as follows: "The name and code, ideally as defined by the performing laboratory, for the provider requested test." This information is needed or CLIA compliance and is part of CLIA’s definition of a Test Request:  https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/section-493.1241). In addition, a code drawn from LOINC should also be included. 

ACLA Comment on USDCI v6: Laboratory Order

The American Clinical Laboratory Association (ACLA) appreciates the opportunity to comment on the data element, Laboratory Order.

The  LOINC version 2.81 (most recent release) includes new LOINC order level codes that have been aligned to SNOMED. These terms have made it significantly easier to assign order level LOINC. ACLA recommends the selection of LOINC 2.81 instead of LOINC 2.80. 

While we support the changes to the data foundations there are several challenges that may hamper the broad adoption of LOINC as a standard.  The speed for new tests to receive a LOINC code continues to be an issue, which can take between 12-18 months to be finalized.  This process creates a major issue with making new cutting-edge tests available to patients and providers.  Without faster code assignment, there will be slower adoption. Further, legacy interfaces and LIS systems may not currently support the use of LOINC for orders and the costs of improvements are significant. Finally, there are challenges with the use of LOINC for reflex orders.

ACLA Comment: Orders/Laboratory Order for Draft USCDI Version 6

The American Clinical Laboratory Association (ACLA) appreciates the opportunity to comment on the data element, Laboratory Orders.

ACLA is writing to express support and specific feedback for the overall changes made to the United States Core Data for Interoperability (USCDI) version 6, specifically the establishment of the LOINC lab standard for laboratory orders and broadening the use of the Unique Device Identifier (UDI). ACLA believes improvements to interoperability should focus on the high-quality treatment of patients and we believe that the USCDI will help drive interoperability forward.  Efforts ensuring that laboratory orders contain the necessary information for timely and high-quality treatment of a patient is critical to our national interoperability infrastructure.

The adoption of the LOINC lab standard for laboratory orders in USCDI version 6 brings numerous benefits to the healthcare industry. The change promotes standardization and harmonization of laboratory order data with the existing Laboratory data classification is the right choice.  While LOINC adoptions have challenges, the selection of LOINC 2.78 as the Laboratory Order standard gives providers the opportunity to align the Laboratory Order data elements with the existing Laboratory Tests data class, which has used LOINC as the standard since USCDI v1. 

While we support the changes to the data foundations there are several challenges that may hamper the broad adoption of LOINC as a standard.  The speed for new tests to receive a LOINC code continues to be an issue, which can take between 12-18 months to be finalized.  This process creates a major issue with making new cutting-edge tests available to patients and providers.  Without faster code assignment, there will be slower adoption. Further, legacy interfaces and LIS systems may not currently support the use of LOINC for orders and the costs of improvements are significant. Finally, there are challenges with the use of LOINC for reflex orders.

We commend the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for recognizing the importance of the LOINC lab standard and incorporating it into USCDI version 6. This change demonstrates a commitment to advancing healthcare interoperability and improving patient care. Given that LOINC for laboratories are currently not supported by most laboratories and would have an impact on the technology and operational aspects, we suggest that ASTP work with the FDA, CMS/CLIA, public health agencies, laboratories, and instrument manufacturers to establish a practical roadmap. We believe that the adoption of the USCDI will have a positive and lasting impact on the healthcare industry, fostering innovation and driving improvements in healthcare delivery.

Laboratory Order

1.  Laboratory Order. 
   1. Recommend listing LOINC as the code system for this element in accord with other HL7 Implementation Guides (CDA, FHIR, V2), public health reporting regulations, and use of this codesystem. 
   2. Additionally, guidance such as mapping to a LOINC where OrderObs is Order Only or Both can aid implementers on which LOINCs to support.
   3. Guidance should also indicate that this item applies to any and all laboratory orders initiated by an ordering provider (medical/legal order requisition), as well as reflex orders (added by the performing laboratory if previous criteria are met in accord with CMS.)  Some HIT vendors consider some of the “laboratory orders” especially reflex testing in microbiology and blood bank are considered by some as “workflow add ons” and not the same as lab orders, and thus do not have the same functionality for them such as LOINC encoding.  With these reflex orders, one or more result items and a field for their values are added/reflexed, allowing entry of result values, and charges for billing for the additional work.  In other cases, quite a few LIS vendors allow adding of sensitivity panel orders for cultures, resulting in an order, ~12 antimicrobial sensitivity results with their respective LOINCs, and values for each that are either numeric or mapped to SNOMED CT qualifier values for the result values of sensitive, resistant, etc. However, the sensitivity panel order (e.g. gram positive antibiotic panel, gram negative antibiotic panel) is not released outside the LIS, thus the HER, and more importantly public health are not receiving these and the LOINCs that would be mapped to them in exchanges. Some LIS and/or HER vendors are only sending the top level laboratory order such as Urine culture and its LOINC and not any of the reflex orders such as gram stain, colony count, antibiotic sensitivities, other confirmatory testing, etc.  This also occurs with some blood bank testing.
   4. Additional guidance on vendor certification needed to support different all the different types (structures/models) of lab orders would be helpful as well. 
      1. The first is the single orderable and resultable such as a Hemoglobin that is an order and a hemoglobin result.  Some LIS and HER vendors may represent these together in the same data dictionary while others may represent in the order in an order dictionary (and it’s LOINC map), and the result in a result dictionary (and it’s LOINC map).  Either way, the order and it’s LOINC should be available. 
      2. The second type of order is a simple panel such as Complete Blood Count (CBC) or Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) which is an order panel with its LOINC.  Each order panel is comprised of one or more results and their values.  A CBC would have results of a Hemoglobin (HGB), Hematocrit (HCT), White Cell Count (WBC), Red Blood Cell Count (RBCs), etc., each mapped to it’s own LOINC for the result. 
      3. The third type of order is the reflex order, which is another order added or reflexed by the laboratory to an existing order and specimen if results of the first order meet established criteria.
         1. A common reflex order is “UA If,” whereby a urinalysis is performed on a specimen and if there are bacteria, a positive leukocyte esterase, or white cells seen, a reflex order for a Urine Culture is ordered on the specimen and performed to avoid delays in patient care.
         2. CMS has requirements for definitions by a medication review panel as to what is included in a reflex order and potential results.  Here’s an example of one entity’s guidelines and policy on reflex testing: https://hcahealthcare.com/util/forms/ethics/policies/regulatory-compliance-support/REGSLAB010-a.pdf 
         3. Reflex orders can be complex with one to five levels of orders reflexed on to the original order. One example is the Lupus Anticoagulant Reflex Panel Order:  LOINC 75515-7 Lupus anticoagulant aPTT and dRVVT screening panel W Reflex   or LOINC 75881-3 Lupus anticoagulant aPTT, dRVVT and PT screening panel W Reflex  These reflex tests are in accord with clinical protocols and CLSI guidelines.
      4. The fourth type of order is known as the physician one click order, tiered order, profile order, or similar names.  In this case, a single order name is provided for the ordering provider in the EHR. However, behind the scenes, either the EHR (the sender side) or the LIS (receiver side) explode the order out into multiple orders and results that are performed on the patient.
         1. One example is a Stroke Order Panel (the top or parent order), whereby when exploded out, entails a second tier (the second child order layer) comprised of a CBC panel order, BMP panel order, and PT/INR panel order.  Each of these has their own results and their values that grouped together comprise the test. 
         2. There may not yet be a LOINC code available for the Stroke Order panel, but there are LOINCs for the child order panels like the CBC, BMP and PT/INR, as well as the result items like Hgb, Hct, WBC, etc.
   5. Guidance should indicate that all laboratory orders, including pathology, genomics, cytogenetics, blood bank, etc. would be considered a Laboratory Data Element.
   6. There are a number of entities that use different names for laboratory orders such as referring to them as procedures. When different USCDI data elements are chosen to represent Laboratory orders, often they may not be structured in the same way, be missing information, have different encoding and thus may be inoperable.  For receivers of these exchanges such as public health, they need to support 3 different ways these Laboratory Orders may be modeled and exchanged and may miss critical information if all 3 means are not supported by senders and receivers. This leads to unnecessary burden on all, so Laboratory Orders using FHIR Service Request is supported.
      1. This is likely due to SNOMED CT Procedure hierarchy including laboratory orders and given SNOMED CT is the laboratory order terminology used in some countries outside the US.  It may also be that for billing laboratory orders are mapped to Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) codes.  No matter the reason a number of entities have been representing USCDI laboratory order data elements as USCDI Procedures and/or FHIR Procedure Resource. Laboratory Orders should not be represented as such nor encoded with SNOMED CT Procedure hierarchy codes in the US. I’ve seen the CBC represented as a FHIR Procedure Resource.
      2. Similarly, Laboratory Orders are also being represented as a FHIR Observation Resource, FHIR Observation.component Resource, and/or FHIR Observation based upon linkage to another FHIR Observation Resource, especially when one of more results (as part of a order panel) are reported together in a Laboratory Report using FHIR Diagnostic Report Resource.  There is a need to keep lab results, which are part of each panel order together in reporting to avoid incorrect information exchanges that may pose a patient safety risk.  For example FHIR Diagnostic Report Resource does not natively support the structure of the results (FHIR Observations) reported.  Composition is one way being investigated to preserve the panel structure so “Interpretations” from one panel are not mixed up with “Interpretations” from another panel in the same report.  It also aids in keeping pathology, genomics, radiology and other report section content together.  One way to achieve this grouping is to have each set of result observations use “based upon” to reference the Laboratory order in FHIR Service Request from which it originates.  However, not all implementations are using this approach in favor of using Observation Resources noted above to represent the Laboratory Order such as a CBC and then use Obsevation.component or Observation based upon referencing the CBC and other FHIR Observations to represent the lab results. 
      3. This approach creates a discordant use of the LOINC codesystem as now Observations are being used to represent Laboratory Orders and Laboratory Observations. Thus an Order only LOINC code would be mapped to a Laboratory Order represented as a FHIR Observation.  Any quality checks of ensuring FHIR Observations are not mapped to LOINC Order Only codes can no longer be used as recommended above.  One can no longer assume that LOINC Order only codes are mapped to only orders and may flag these as mapping errors.
      4. In general, Lab Orders whether in USCDI or in USCDI + use cases should all be standardized to the same code system requirements, as well as be aligned with CLIA and other regulatory requirements depending on where they are utilized in information systems and flows.

APHL suggests to update the data element to reduce ambiguity

Based on the current definition for this element of "Provider-authored request for the performance of a laboratory test." APHL would map this to the first CLIA element in Standard: Test request https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/section-493.1241 "§493.1291(a) = The laboratory must have a written or electronic request for patient testing from an authorized person.", for which many required elements are further identified in the regulation. This seems to be more than a single data element.
If the intent was for this data element to represent the Ordered Test/Panel Code that identifies the test(s) to be performed as called out in "§493.1291(c)(4) = The test(s) to be performed.", then this element should be renamed to reflect that and it's definition should be updated as defined in USCDI+ as Laboratory Test/Panel Code (https://uscdiplus.healthit.gov/uscdi?id=uscdi_record&table=x_g_sshh_uscdi_uscdi_elements&sys_id=808c53d81bd5b110f7052f84604bcbb5&view=sp) - this element is what can be mapped to a single data element in V2 = OBR-4 (Universal Service Identifier) (https://www.hl7.eu/refactored/segOBR.html#238), in CDA = Not usually present unless using a battery organizer = ClinicalDocument/component/structuredBody/ component/section/ …/ entry/act/…/entryRelationship/organizer.code and in FHIR to ServiceRequest.code (https://build.fhir.org/servicerequest-definitions.html#ServiceRequest.code) and in USCore https://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition-us-core-servicerequest-definitions.html#key_ServiceRequest.code, where it is 1..1, so required. This element can be mapped to LOINC, where the basic attribute Order vs. Observation = "order only" or "both"